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TABLE 1: Classification of wheats (Triticum ssp.)
TABLE 2: Number of gametes, genotypes and phenotypes considering one and multifactorial heterozygosity in F1 and F2 generations
TABLE 3: Segregation of recessive nulliplex genotypes from triplex, duplex and simplex genotypes considering selfing, random chromosome
distribution and complete dominance
TABLE 4: Expected F2 segregations of trisomic F1 plants from a critical cross of trisomic by disomic, excluding any selection, male
transmission of n+1 gametes and abnormal chromosome segregation
TABLE 5: Basic methods of plant breeding
TABLE 6: Genotypic and phenotypic segregation in F2 populations considering two genes and interacting in different manners
TABLE 7: Frequencies and ratios of completely recessive in F2 progeny of doubled haploids, diploids and tetraploids
TABLE 8: Genome relationships between embryo, endosperm and ovary after crossing parents with different ploidy levels
TABLE 9: Genetic segregation patterns depending on the number of genes involved (* when complete dominance)
TABLE 10: Frequencies of homozygotes and heterozygotes in a progeny of a heterozygous individual after subsequent
self-pollinations
TABLE 11: Examples of seed conditioning in some crop plants
TABLE 12: Taxonomic classification system in plants
TABLE 13: Decimal code for plant growth in cereals
Table 14: Genome relationships of oats (Avena ssp.)
TABLE 15: The approximate protein composition in some cereals
TABLE 16: Food reserves of some crop plants
TABLE 17: Taxonomic relationships of some tuberous Solanum ssp.
TABLE 18: Types of flowers in higher plants
TABLE 19: Segregation of a single gene and/or alleles in subsequent generations
TABLE 20: Phenotypic relations of homozygotes and heterozygotes depending on different dominance levels in diploids
TABLE 21: Phenotypic ratios in F2 generation for two unlinked genes depending on the degree of dominance at each locus and epistasis between loci
TABLE 22: Calculation of recombination frequency between two loci from a cross between AaBb x aaaa
TABLE 23: Test crosses with monosomics in order to determine the location of a dominant allele
TABLE 24: Possible planting arrangements for a diallel crossing (six parents, no reciprocal cross, no self-pollination)
TABLE 25: A randomized complete-block design for 5 entries and 10 replications
TABLE 26: Lattice design (42 entries, 3 replications, no blocks within the replication, entries are assigned at random to the 42 plots)
TABLE 27: Recovering of genes from recurrent parent during backcrossing
TABLE 28: Scheme of seed purification and increase
TABLE 29: Types and characteristics of several markers in breeding and genetics
TABLE 30: Typical characters for identification of wheat, barley or wild oat
TABLE 31: Taxonomy of the genus Helianthus
TABLE 32: About the evolution of Triticeae
TABLE 33: Inheritance and variation of several breeding characters
TABLE 34: Some examples of heritability of breeding characters
TABLE 35: Proposed breeding schemes depending on the crop, reproduction system and basic population features
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FIGURE 1: Basic scheme of selection in mutation breeding
FIGURE 2: Main steps of establishment of a hybrid variety in wheat
FIGURE 3: Development of allopolyploid (amphidiploid) hybrids, e.g. a wheat-rye hybrid (octoploid triticale)
FIGURE 4: Residue seed method of breeding, half-sib progeny selection or method of overstored seeds
FIGURE 5: Single-plant selection including testing of progeny in autogamous plants
FIGURE 6: Inheritance and segregation patterns in subsequent generations of flower colour from a cross of a red-flowered with a white-flowered plant, and
with dominant inheritance of red flowers
FIGURE 7: Pedigree breeding (cross-combination breeding) in autogamous plants
FIGUR 8: Some diploid and allopolyploid species of the genus Brassica with agricultural and breeding importance
FIGURE 9: Experimental field design of a Latin square considering four variants and four replications (4 blocks, 4 columns) and a Latin rectangle considering 10 variants
FIGURE 10: The phylogeny of wheat (Triticum ssp.)
FIGURE 11: Types of chromosome and/or centromere constrictions
FIGURE 12: The karyogram of diploid rye, Secale cereale L.
FIGURE 13: Pairing failure of meiotic chromosomes as interlocked configuration
FIGURE 14: Different types of trisomics in plants
FIGURE 15: A diagrammatic representation of different meiotic chromosome configurations observed in diakinesis and metaphase including the minimum chiasmata
FIGURE 16: Combination breeding by using the bulk method
FIGURE 17: A comparison of the genetic segregation patterns of sexually derived and doubled-haploid derived F2 progenies from F1 heterozygotes
FIGURE 18: Schematic interpretation of ‘dominance hypothesis’ considering inbred lines and F1 hybrid
FIGURE 19: Schematic drawing of topcross design including progeny testing for general combining ability
FIGURE 20: Schematic drawing of a recurrent selection design
FIGURE 21: Schematic drawing of a reciprocal recurrent selection design
FIGURE 22: Schematic drawing of hybrid seed production in maize
FIGURE 23: Schematic drawing of hybrid seed production after and utilisation of cytoplasmic male sterility
FIGURE 24: Schematic drawing of unequal crossing-over
FIGURE 25: Schematic drawing of embryo sac and pollen formation
FIGURE 26: Breeding scheme using doubled haploids
FIGURE 27: Schematic drawing of Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer
FIGURE 28: Different ways of asexual reproduction in plants
FIGURE 29: Hybrid seed production in allogamous rye
FIGURE 30: Designs of spreader nurseries
FIGURE 31: Basic crossing schemes in plant breeding
FIGURE 32: Schematic drawing of honeycomb and grid designs
FIGURE 33: Several types of hill plots
FIGURE 34: Basic shapes and types of spikes in wheat
FIGURE 35: Schematic drawing of sexual organs of a plant flower
FIGURE 36: Types of duplicated chromosome segments
FIGURE 37: Schematic drawing of aneuploid types in wheat and applicable to other diploids and polyploids
FIGURE 38: Estimation of heritability h2 based on selection advantage ‘R’, selection coefficient ‘S’ and
selection intensity ’ i’
FIGURE 39: Schematic drawing of mass selection and single-plant selection
FIGURE 40: Schematic drawing of positive mass selection
FIGURE 41: Couple method of breeding in allogamous plants
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